Os Kernel ^new^ -

In simple terms, the kernel is the first program loaded after the bootloader when a computer starts. It remains in memory, managing the entire system until shutdown.

A microkernel is minimalist. It only handles the absolute essentials, moving services like file systems and drivers into "user space." This makes the system incredibly stable; if a driver crashes, the kernel keeps running. The downside is that constant communication between parts can slow it down. QNX (used in cars) and L4. Hybrid Kernels os kernel

Not all Kernels are built the same. There is a decades-old architectural debate about where the Kernel ends and the user space begins. In simple terms, the kernel is the first