The materials involved aren't just bending; they are crushing, stretching, or breaking.
| Domain | Typical Applications | | :--- | :--- | | | Car crash testing, bird strike on aircraft, drop tests of phones/laptops | | High-Speed Manufacturing | Metal forming (stamping, forging), machining (chip formation), explosive forming | | Ballistics & Penetration | Bullet impact on armor, fragment penetration of barriers | | Explosions & Blast | Underwater explosions, structural response to land mines (using coupled methods like ALE or SPH) | | Highly Nonlinear Events | Large deformation (rubber seals), material failure/fracture, complex contact conditions | what is explicit dynamics
| Feature | Implicit Dynamics | Explicit Dynamics | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | Solves a system of equations using matrix inversion (requires convergence). | Does not require matrix inversion; uses a diagonal mass matrix for direct calculation. | | Time Step | Large time steps allowed (determined by accuracy needs). | Extremely small time steps required (determined by stability/sound speed). | | Computational Cost | High per time step (matrix inversion is expensive). | Low per time step (simple arithmetic). | | Convergence | Difficult to achieve with highly nonlinear contact or material failure. | No convergence check; always solves regardless of deformation complexity. | | Ideal Duration | Long-duration events (seconds to hours). | Short-duration events (microseconds to milliseconds). | The materials involved aren't just bending; they are
Understanding Explicit Dynamics: The Science of High-Speed Events | | Time Step | Large time steps